The Purana and Pali text make it clear the Chola were Kushites from Africa. The Dravidians lived in ancient Afr
The C-Group founded the Kerma dynasty of Kush. Diop (1986, p.72)
noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan population was a black
population from the south Sahara". Kerma was first inhabited in the 4th
millennium BC (Bonnet 1986). By the 2nd millennium BC Kushites at Kerma
were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a distinctive
black-and-red ware (Bonnet 1986; Winters 1985b,1991). Amon, later became
a major god of the Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.
In the
ancient literature the Proto Dravidians are called Kushites. Using boats
the Kushites moved down ancient waterways many now dried up, to
establish new towns in Asia and Europe after 3500 BC. The Kushites
remained supreme around the world until 1400 1200 BC.
Proto
Saharans/Kushites expanded into Inner Asia from two primary points of
dispersal : Iran and Anatolia. In Anatolia the Kushites were called
Hattians and Kaska. In the 2nd millennium BC, the north and east of
Anatolia was inhabited by non I E speakers.
Anatolia was divided
into two lands “the land of Kanis” and the “land of Hatti”. The Hatti
were related to the Kaska people who lived in the Pontic mountains.
Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were
especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the
Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the
same names for gods, along with personal and place names (1). The Kaska
had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.
Singer
(1981) has suggested that the Kaska, are remnants of the indigenous
Hattian population which was forced northward by the Hittites. But at
least as late as 1800 BC, Anatolia was basically settled by Hattians (2)
Anatolia was occupied by many Kushite groups,including the
Kashkas and or Hatti. The Hatti , like the Dravidian speaking people
were probably related . The Hatti were probably members of the Tehenu
tribes.
The Tehenu was composed of various ethnic groups. One of
the Tehenu tribes was identified by the Egyptians as the Hatiu or
Haltiu.
During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during
the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure
referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” .(3) These Hatiu, may
correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti people
often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.
The Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara. Kussara was situated in southern Anatolia.
The earliest known ruler of Kussara was Pitkhanas. It was his son
Anitta (c. 1790-1750 BC) who expanded the Kussara empire through much of
Anatolia.
An important group in Anantolia in addition to the Hatti,
were the Hurrians. The Hurrians enter Mesopotamia from the northeastern
hilly area . They introduced horse-drawn war chariots to Mesopotamia .
Hurrians penetrate Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine between 1700-1500
BC. The major Hurrian Kingdom was Mitanni , which was founded by Sudarna
I (c.1550), was established at Washukanni on the Khabur River . The
Hurrian capital was Urkesh, one of its earliest kings was called
Tupkish.
Linguistic and historical evidence support the view that
Dravidians influenced Mittanni and Lycia . (Winters 1989a) Alain Anselin
is sure that Dravidian speaking peoples once inhabited the Aegean . For
example Anselin (1982, pp.111-114) has discussed many Dravidian place
names found in the Aegean Sea area.
Two major groups in ancient
Anatolia were the Hurrians and Lycians. Although the Hurrians are
considered to be Indo-European speakers, the Hurrians probably spoke a
Dravidian language.
The Hurrians lived in Mittanni. Mittanni was
situated on the great bend of the Upper Euphrates river. Hurrian was
spoken in eastern Anatolia and North Syria .
Srinivasan claims the
Hurrian tribe was mentioned in the R V, called Hastuk ‘elephant herd’.
The individual Hurrian was called Hasti. Srinivasan made it clear that
Hasti corresponds to Egyptian (Hšty) Hštyw (Ta Seti).
The Elamites
spoke a Mande language. The RV claimed that the father of the Hurrians
or Hastuk was the Elamite King Kudur-Mubak. The Mande and Dravidian
speakers usually migrated together into various parts of Eurasia.
Most of what we know about Hurrian comes from the Tel al-Armarna
letters. These letters were written to the Egyptian pharaoh. These
letters are important because they were written in a language different
from diplomatic Babylonian.
The letters written in the unknown
language were numbered 22 and 25. In 1909 Bork, in Mitteilungen der
Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, wrote a translation of the letters.
In 1930, G.W. Brown proposed that the words in letters 22 and 25 were
Dravidian especially Tamil. Brown (1930), has shown that the vowels and
consonants of Hurrian and Dravidian are analogous. In support of this
theory Brown (1930) noted the following similarities between Dravidian
and Hurrian: 1) presence of a fullness of forms employed by both
languages; 2) presence of active and passive verbal forms are not
distinguished; 3) presence of verbal forms that are formed by particles;
4) presence of true relative pronouns is not found in these languages;
5) both languages employ negative verbal forms; 6) identical use of -m,
as nominative; 7) similar pronouns; and 8) similar ending formations:
Dravidian Hurrian
a a
-kku -ikka
imbu impu
There are analogous Dravidian and Hurrian terms:
English Hurrian Dravidian
mountain paba parampu
lady,woman aallay ali
King Sarr,zarr Ca, cira
god en en
give tan tara
to rule irn ire
father attai attan
Asoka Prakrit inscriptions mention several Dravidian tribes including
Cholas, Seraa (Tamil), Keras (Keraalputra ) , Pandya, Cheras and
Satyaputra.
The Cholas were Telugu speakers. The Chola were related to
the Naga.
The Naga were suppose to have lived in Naagaloka, in the
Underworld. Srinivasan believes the Purana underworld: Nagaloka was
located in upper Nubia.
The Chola Kings in the Puranas were called Ikshvaakuš or Heqa Khasut like the Nehesy kings of the Nile Valley.
Ikshvaa Kuš
Heqa ḫЗšt (Khasut)
The Chola came to India with a great knowledge of war strategy, charioteering, ship building and navigation.
The Chola are related to the Naga. This is evident in the story of the
romance between the Chola and Naga princess. Srinivasan wrote “In both
[legends] the son of their union came from Naagaloka in Paataal was a
real country of Upper Nubia, the myths point to a connection of the
Chola with Nubia. To realize some important points of similarities the
Cholas and the great Napatan Kingdom of Nubia…”.
The royal title of
the Cholas was Qore/Kora/Chora. Among the Tamils Chola is pronounced
with a /r/. As a result, in Prakrit inscription Cholas is written as
Soraa and Koraa. Srinivasan suggested that the Qore “Korites” of the
Bible ( 1 Chronicles 26:1), may be the same people.
A coastal region
of East India was called Coromandel / Koramandal ‘domain of Koraa” .
Koraa is a dynastic name for the Cholas (See page 3).
The royal insignia of the Cholas was snakes. Twin serpents was a popular symbol of royalty among the Napatan Kings.
The Napatan Kushite double crown was worn by the rulers of Kerma. It
was called the Double Wadjet Crown. This Wadjet crown was worn by
Taharqa.
In summary the Telugu speakers belonged to the Tehenu
and Nehesy tribes of Nubia, or Kush in the Nile Valley. The Telugu and
Egyptian languages share many terms because the Chola came from Kaši or
Kush, which was called Kušadvipa. They migrated into Anatolia and formed
several city states including the Hurrian/Mitanni and Kassite states
and were members of the Hatti Confederation.
The major Telugu state
in India was Chola. In the Puranas the Chola were also called
Kora/Chora /Qore. The Chola who came to India by land and sea settled
on the Coromande coast. It takes it’s name from the word Koraa, one of
the names for the Chola Dynasty.
Ancient Telugu continued in India
to refer to themselves as Heqa Khasut or IkshvaaKuš. The royal insignia
for the Chola were two snakes. The two snakes as a symbol of royalty
goes back to the Napatan Kings of Kush (Nubia) who wore the Double
Wadjet crown.
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